Beli Mawr ("Beli the Great") was an ancestor figure in Middle Welsh literature and genealogies. He is the father of Cassivellaunus, Arianrhod, Lludd Llaw Eraint, Llefelys, and

Afallach Afallach ( Old Welsh Aballac) is a man's name found in several medieval Welsh genealogies, where he is made the son of Beli Mawr. According to a medieval Welsh triad, Afallach was the father of the goddess Modron. The Welsh redactions of Geoffrey ...

. In certain medieval genealogies he is listed as the son or husband of Anna, cousin of

Mary, mother of Jesus Mary; arc, ܡܪܝܡ, translit=Mariam; ar, مريم, translit=Maryam; grc, Μαρία, translit=María; la, Maria; cop, Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ, translit=Maria was a first-century Jews, Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Saint Joseph, Jose ...

. According to the Welsh Triads, Beli and Dôn were the parents of Arianrhod, but the mother of Beli's other children—and the father of Dôn's other children—is not mentioned in the medieval Welsh literature. Several royal lines in medieval Wales traced their ancestry to Beli. The '' Mabinogi'' names Penarddun as a daughter of Beli Mawr, but the genealogy is confused; it is possible she was meant to be his sister rather than daughter.

Beli and Belenus

The origin of the name Beli is still a matter of debate among scholars. The most popular hypothesis sees the name ''Beli'' as a Middle Welsh reflex of the Gaulish and Brittonic divine name ''

Belenus Belenus (Gaulish: ''Belenos'', ''Belinos'') is an ancient Celtic healing god. The cult of Belenus stretched from the Italian Peninsula to the British Isles, with a main sanctuary located at Aquileia, on the Adriatic coast. Through ''interpreta ...

'' (also attested as a personal name), but a more recent alternative is that proposed by the Celticist John T. Koch, who suggests that ''Beli'' derives from a Proto-Celtic name ''Belgius'' or '' Bolgios'' borne by one of the chieftains who led the Gallic invasion of

Macedonia Macedonia most commonly refers to: * North Macedonia, a country in southeastern Europe, known until 2019 as the Republic of Macedonia * Macedonia (ancient kingdom), a kingdom in Greek antiquity * Macedonia (Greece), a traditional geographic reg ...

in 280–279 BCE. He therefore proposes that this great leader ''Belgius'' came to be regarded as the namesake and ancestor of the powerful Brittonic and Gallic tribal group, the

Belgae The Belgae () were a large confederation of tribes living in northern Gaul, between the English Channel, the west bank of the Rhine, and the northern bank of the river Seine, from at least the third century BC. They were discussed in depth by Ju ...

, whence would have come the doctrine that Beli was the ancestor of tribal dynasties.

Beli son of Manogan

Another Beli from medieval Welsh literature, who first appears in the 9th century '' Historia Brittonum'' and is often confused or conflated with Beli Mawr in both medieval and modern sources, is Beli son of Manogan (also spelled Mynogan). This Beli is actually derived from the historical pre-Roman Brittonic king of the Catuvellauni, Cunobeline and his son Adminius (or Amminius). Via a series of textual corruptions that span several different popular books from Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages, the names of Cunobelinus and his son Adminius were combined and then jumbled, giving way to a new Beli, with the patronymic "son of Manogan": # Adminio, Cunobellini Brittannorum regis filio (

Suetonius Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (), commonly referred to as Suetonius ( ; c. AD 69 – after AD 122), was a Roman historian who wrote during the early Imperial era of the Roman Empire. His most important surviving work is a set of biographies ...

, ''Caligula'', Ch. 44) # Minocynobellinum Britannorum regis filium (

Orosius Paulus Orosius (; born 375/385 – 420 AD), less often Paul Orosius in English, was a Roman priest, historian and theologian, and a student of Augustine of Hippo. It is possible that he was born in '' Bracara Augusta'' (now Braga, Portugal), t ...

, ''Historia Adversus Paganos'', vii 5.5) # Bellinus, filius Minocanni (''Historia Brittonum'', ch. 19) Rachel Bromwich writes that such a figure has origins in traditional names/characters: "Beli Mawr is a character rooted far too firmly in Welsh tradition for his existence to be accounted for merely as an adaptation of Nennius's Bellinus. Further, Loth showed that Manogan itself can be explained as a Celtic name, since Monocan appears in the Cartulaire de Redon (RC LI, p. 10; Chr. Br., p. 152). Two further instances of this name in Celtic sources may also be included: Jes. Gen. XVIII Manogan m. Pascen m. Cadell; and the Ogham inscription MINNACCANNI (Macalister, Corpus Inscriptionum Insularum Celticarum I, no. 135)." Thus, although Beli became a separate personage in medieval pseudohistory from Cunobelinus (Welsh ''Cynfelyn'', Shakespeare's Cymbeline), he was generally presented as a king reigning in the period immediately before the Roman invasion; his "son" Caswallawn is the historical Cassivellaunus.

Henry of Huntingdon's Belinus

The 12th-century English historian Henry of Huntingdon, in his ''Historia Anglorum'' first published in 1129, follows the ''Historia Brittonum'' in his discussion of

Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (; ; 12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war, and ...

's invasion of Britain, mentioning a ''Belinus'', brother of'' Cassibella(u)nus'', who are both styled sons of ''Minocannus'', but in later revisions of the text (and under the influence of Geoffrey of Monmouth), ''Liud'' (or ''Luid'') (see Lludd Llaw Eraint).

Geoffrey of Monmouth's Heli

Beli also appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's history '' Historia Regum Britanniae'' (1130s) as the British king Heli, son of Digueillus and father of Lud, Cassivellaunus and

Nennius Nennius – or Nemnius or Nemnivus – was a Welsh monk of the 9th century. He has traditionally been attributed with the authorship of the ''Historia Brittonum'', based on the prologue affixed to that work. This attribution is widely considered ...

. He is said to have held the throne for 40 years, after which he was succeeded by his son Lud (Llud). In the Middle Welsh translations of Geoffrey's work known collectively as '' Brut y Brenhinedd'', Heli's name was restored to BeliKoch, "The Celtic Lands." p. 289. and his father renamed to Manogan.

References

Primary sources

*'' Branwen ferch Llŷr'' *''Breuddwyd Macsen Wledig'' (" The Dream of Macsen Wledig") *''Cyfranc Lludd a Llefelys'' (" Lludd and Llefelys) *the Welsh Triads *'' Brut y Brenhinedd'' *Geoffrey of Monmouth, ''Historia Regum Britanniæ'', tr. Lewis Thorpe, ''Geoffrey of Monmouth. The History of the Kings of Britain''. Harmondsworth, 1968.

Secondary sources

*Koch, John T. "The Celtic Lands." In ''Medieval Arthurian Literature: A Guide to Recent Research'', ed. N. Lacy. New York, 1996. 239-322.

External links

Beli Mawr and the Belgae
{{Geoffrey of Monmouth Welsh mythology Legendary British kings